The Structural Influence of Dialectical Materialism on Critical Theory and the Suppression of Eastern Dialectics in Contemporary Culture

by Rome Viharo for Conversational Game Theory

This essay explores the structural influence of Dialectical Materialism on Critical Theory (CT) and examines how Western dialectics have historically overshadowed and suppressed Eastern dialectical thinking. Ironically, modern CT’s roots lay in divisive colonial political struggles of 19th and 20th Century Europe.

Eastern Dialectics, or the “two truths” doctrine and its modern adaptations through Satyagraha — is an ancient dialectical method employed most recently in history by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela — we highlight the efficacy of Eastern dialectics in achieving social change.

Furthermore, we analyze how the structural emphasis on critique within CT, reflective of European values, has led to unintended consequences in contemporary online culture, including the incentivization of critique over resolution and the continued marginalization of Eastern dialectical methods.

Introduction

Critical Theory, rooted in the Western philosophical tradition and originating from the Frankfurt School, has significantly shaped intellectual discourse on society, power structures, and social justice. Built upon the foundation of Marxist Dialectical Materialism, CT emphasizes a structural approach centered on relentless critique. This essay evaluates the structural aspects of CT and how its Western dialectical roots have overshadowed Eastern dialectical thinking, particularly the “two truths” doctrine and its practical application through Satyagraha. We further explore how this structural focus on critique, when applied to the online culture of 2024, leads to unintended consequences, including the suppression of Eastern methodologies that have proven effective in achieving social change.

Western Dialectics and Dialectical Materialism

Dialectical Materialism, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, interprets societal progress through a materialist lens using the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This framework focuses on the material conditions and economic activities that drive societal change, emphasizing contradictions within capitalist societies that lead to class struggle and revolution. The Western dialectical approach is analytical and critical, aiming to deconstruct existing power structures to pave the way for societal transformation.

Influence on Critical Theory

The Frankfurt School adopted Dialectical Materialism to develop Critical Theory, which seeks to critique and change society by exposing power dynamics and ideologies that perpetuate oppression. CT’s structural approach involves continuous critique, often without providing concrete solutions or moving toward synthesis. This perpetual focus on critique mirrors the dialectical method but frequently halts before achieving resolution, concentrating on highlighting contradictions within societal norms and institutions.

Eastern Dialectics and the “Two Truths” Doctrine

In contrast, Eastern dialectical thinking, rooted in ancient civilization and continuing through philosophies like Buddhism and Hinduism, emphasizes the “two truths” doctrine — conventional truth and ultimate truth. This ancient form of dialectics shaped the first Indu civilizations, guiding their law, governance and commerce.

While traditionally understood as a doctrine that acknowledges the coexistence of empirical reality and a deeper, transcendent reality, this has practical applications. We do not need to infer or imply a transcental reality beyond the common senses, the “two truths” simply represent multiple perspectives on “truth” that can appear to contradict, yet also can resolve. Eastern dialectics focuses on harmonizing contradictions and achieving balance rather than emphasizing conflict and opposition.

Satyagraha: The Practice of Truth-Force

Satyagraha, a concept developed by Mahatma Gandhi, embodies Eastern dialectical principles in practical application. It finds its power through “shared truths”, translating to “truth-force”, Satyagraha advocates for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience to effect social and political change. This method has been successfully employed by leaders like Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence, Martin Luther King Jr. in the American Civil Rights Movement, and Nelson Mandela in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. It was introduced to the US Civil Rights movement by the Rev. James Lawson, who recently passed away in June of 2024.

Suppression of Eastern Dialectical Thinking

Western dialectics, with its focus on critique and conflict, has historically overshadowed Eastern dialectical methods in global discourse. Several factors contribute to this suppression:

Colonial Legacy: European colonialism imposed Western philosophies and educational systems on colonized regions, marginalizing indigenous knowledge and practices.

Academic Dominance: Western institutions have traditionally held significant influence over global academic discourse, often neglecting non-Western philosophies.

Cultural Bias: There exists a tendency to view Western methods as universal and superior, leading to the dismissal of Eastern approaches as less rigorous or relevant.

Reflection of European Values

The structural emphasis on critique in CT reflects European intellectual traditions during times of significant upheaval, such as the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. European scholars focused on rationalism, skepticism, and the deconstruction of traditional authorities. This approach embodies values of individualism, analytical reasoning, and a confrontational stance toward societal issues.

Evolution of Critical Theory in the United States

In the United States, CT adapted to address social struggles related to race, gender, and class. While it provided valuable tools for critiquing systemic inequalities, the structural focus remained on deconstruction rather than reconstruction. The absence of a unifying methodology for resolution limited the potential for holistic social transformation.

Unintended Consequences in 2024 Online Culture

In the digital age, the structural emphasis on critique inherent in CT has permeated online culture, leading to unintended consequences:

Incentivization of Critique: Social media platforms reward content that generates engagement, often favoring critical or negative commentary. This dynamic encourages perpetual critique without progressing toward solutions.

Suppression of Resolution: Resolutions may reduce ongoing engagement, leading to a reluctance to embrace solutions that could diminish visibility and influence.

Marginalization of Eastern Methods: The dominance of Western critique suppresses alternative approaches like Satyagraha, which focus on reconciliation and transformative action.

Polarization and Division: The emphasis on critique contributes to increased polarization, as individuals become entrenched in their positions without seeking common ground.

Analysis

The structural design of CT, emphasizing perpetual critique, has led to a cultural environment that often values criticism over constructive action. This dynamic not only stalls progress but also suppresses alternative methodologies that could foster meaningful change.

The Efficacy of Eastern Dialectics

Eastern dialectical methods, exemplified by Satyagraha, have demonstrated a high success rate in effecting social change through nonviolent means. The focus on truth, compassion, and reconciliation offers a pathway to resolve conflicts and address systemic issues holistically.

The Need for Integration

Integrating Eastern and Western dialectical approaches could enhance the capacity for social transformation. By moving beyond critique to embrace resolution and synthesis, societies can address underlying issues more effectively. Recognizing the value of Eastern methodologies can enrich intellectual discourse and promote more inclusive strategies for change.

Conclusion

The structural emphasis on critique within Critical Theory, rooted in Western dialectics and reflective of European historical contexts, has significantly influenced contemporary culture. However, this focus has led to unintended consequences, including the suppression of Eastern dialectical thinking and the perpetuation of critique without resolution. Acknowledging and integrating Eastern approaches like the “two truths” doctrine and Satyagraha can provide valuable insights and methodologies for achieving lasting social change. Embracing a more balanced dialectical framework that values both critique and resolution is essential for advancing societal progress in an increasingly interconnected world.

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